Nepal Trade Balance
1974 - 2025 | Monthly | USD mn | CEIC Data
Key information about Nepal's Trade Balance
- Nepal's Trade Balance recorded a deficit of 1.0 USD bn in Sep 2025, compared with a deficit of 834.0 USD mn in the previous month
- Nepal's Trade Balance data is updated monthly, available from Aug 1974 to Sep 2025, with an averaged value of -72.0 USD mn
- The data reached an all-time high of 1.7 USD mn in Aug 1975 and a record low of -1.4 USD bn in Dec 2021
Further information about Nepal's Trade Balance
- In the latest reports, Nepal's Total Exports reached 249.5 USD mn in Sep 2025, an increase of 31.8% YoY (year-on-year)
- Total Imports recorded 1.3 USD bn in Sep 2025, an increase of 31.8% YoY (year-on-year)
View Nepal's Trade Balance from Aug 1974 to Sep 2025 in the chart:
What was Nepal's Trade Balance in Sep 2025?
Nepal's Trade Balance recorded a deficit of 1.0 USD bn in Sep 2025, compared with a deficit of 834.0 USD mn in the previous month See the table below for more data.
| Last | Previous | Min | Max | Unit | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1,007.4 Sep 2025 | -834.0 Aug 2025 | -1,394.7 Dec 2021 | 1.7 Aug 1975 | USD mn | monthly | Aug 1974 - Sep 2025 |
Trade Balance by Country Comparison
| country/region | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania (USD mn) | -587.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Oct 1998 - Oct 2025 |
| Algeria (USD mn) | -274.8 Mar 2020 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Mar 2020 |
| Argentina (USD mn) | 775.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1991 - Oct 2025 |
| Armenia (USD mn) | -449.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Nov 1995 - Oct 2025 |
| Australia (USD mn) | 2,870.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jul 1971 - Oct 2025 |
| Austria (USD mn) | -270.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Sep 2025 |
| Azerbaijan (USD mn) | 536.5 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Oct 2025 |
| Bahrain (USD mn) | 3,607.2 2024 | yearly | 1966 - 2024 |
| Bangladesh (USD mn) | -1,770.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jul 1986 - Sep 2025 |
| Belarus (USD mn) | -224.2 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Sep 2025 |
| Belgium (USD mn) | 4,412.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Sep 2025 |
| Bolivia (USD mn) | 14.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Oct 1994 - Oct 2025 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (USD mn) | -599.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Sep 2025 |
| Botswana (USD mn) | -143.2 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Sep 2025 |
| Brazil (USD mn) | 5,841.9 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 1959 - Nov 2025 |
| Brunei (USD mn) | 275.8 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2010 - Sep 2025 |
| Bulgaria (USD mn) | -1,177.2 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Sep 2025 |
| Cambodia (USD mn) | -451.0 May 2025 | monthly | Jan 2010 - May 2025 |
| Canada (USD mn) | -4,583.7 Aug 2025 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Aug 2025 |
| Chile (USD mn) | 1,449.3 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1968 - Oct 2025 |
| China (USD mn) | 90,074.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Oct 2025 |
| Colombia (USD mn) | -1,507.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1958 - Sep 2025 |
| Croatia (USD mn) | -1,577.3 Aug 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Aug 2025 |
| Cyprus (USD mn) | -834.2 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Sep 2025 |
| Czech Republic (USD mn) | 4,024.0 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1996 - Sep 2025 |
| Denmark (USD mn) | 4,740.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Sep 2025 |
| Ecuador (USD mn) | 185.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Mar 1992 - Sep 2025 |
| Egypt (USD mn) | -3,174.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Estonia (USD mn) | -342.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Sep 2025 |
| European Union (USD mn) | 18,313.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Finland (USD mn) | -504.8 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Sep 2025 |
| France (USD mn) | -7,719.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2000 - Sep 2025 |
| Georgia (USD mn) | -775.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Oct 2025 |
| Germany (USD mn) | 17,819.8 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Sep 2025 |
| Ghana (USD mn) | 49.0 Aug 2025 | monthly | Mar 2005 - Aug 2025 |
| Greece (USD mn) | -3,137.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China (USD mn) | -5,138.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Hungary (USD mn) | 829.8 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1976 - Oct 2025 |
| Iceland (USD mn) | -151.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| India (USD mn) | -41,680.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Indonesia (USD mn) | 2,393.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1967 - Oct 2025 |
| Iran (USD mn) | 43,142.0 2024 | yearly | 1948 - 2024 |
| Ireland (USD mn) | 18,932.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1970 - Sep 2025 |
| Israel (USD mn) | -2,779.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Oct 2025 |
| Italy (USD mn) | 5,377.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Sep 2025 |
| Ivory Coast (USD mn) | 403.9 Aug 2025 | monthly | Jan 1981 - Aug 2025 |
| Japan (USD mn) | -27.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Apr 1995 - Oct 2025 |
| Jordan (USD mn) | -1,199.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1972 - Sep 2025 |
| Kazakhstan (USD mn) | 1,465.7 Sep 2025 | monthly | Sep 1995 - Sep 2025 |
| Kenya (USD mn) | -1,175.1 Sep 2025 | monthly | Oct 1992 - Sep 2025 |
| South Korea (USD mn) | 9,735.0 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 1966 - Nov 2025 |
| Kosovo (USD mn) | -617.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Oct 2025 |
| Kuwait (USD mn) | 2,272.5 Jun 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Jun 2025 |
| Kyrgyzstan (USD mn) | -818.0 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Laos (USD mn) | 418.6 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Dec 1992 - Sep 2025 |
| Latvia (USD mn) | -418.2 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Sep 2025 |
| Lebanon (USD mn) | -1,230.5 Aug 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Aug 2025 |
| Lithuania (USD mn) | -760.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1999 - Sep 2025 |
| Luxembourg (USD mn) | -791.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Sep 2025 |
| Macau SAR, China (USD mn) | -1,239.3 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1998 - Oct 2025 |
| North Macedonia (USD mn) | -393.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Dec 1993 - Oct 2025 |
| Malawi (USD mn) | -173.1 Jul 2025 | monthly | Jan 1964 - Jul 2025 |
| Malaysia (USD mn) | 4,645.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1990 - Oct 2025 |
| Malta (USD mn) | -361.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1960 - Sep 2025 |
| Mauritius (USD mn) | -336.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2006 - Sep 2025 |
| Mexico (USD mn) | 1,411.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Oct 2025 |
| Moldova (USD mn) | -591.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Sep 2025 |
| Mongolia (USD mn) | 677.6 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Oct 2025 |
| Montenegro (USD mn) | -408.7 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2005 - Oct 2025 |
| Morocco (USD mn) | -4,124.6 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Mozambique (USD mn) | -85.3 Jun 2025 | monthly | Jan 2011 - Jun 2025 |
| Myanmar (USD mn) | 183.9 Jul 2022 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Jul 2022 |
| Nepal (USD mn) | -1,007.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 1974 - Sep 2025 |
| Netherlands (USD mn) | 14,530.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1996 - Sep 2025 |
| New Zealand (USD mn) | -888.7 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1960 - Oct 2025 |
| Nigeria (USD mn) | 2,213.2 Jun 2025 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Jun 2025 |
| Norway (USD mn) | 5,633.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Oman (USD mn) | -137.8 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1975 - Sep 2025 |
| Pakistan (USD mn) | -3,282.8 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1968 - Oct 2025 |
| Palestinian Territory (USD mn) | -491.1 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2011 - Sep 2025 |
| Panama (USD mn) | -1,108.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1964 - Sep 2025 |
| Paraguay (USD mn) | -191.7 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1994 - Oct 2025 |
| Peru (USD mn) | 3,654.0 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1985 - Sep 2025 |
| Philippines (USD mn) | -3,827.8 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Poland (USD mn) | -96.2 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1986 - Sep 2025 |
| Portugal (USD mn) | -3,038.3 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Sep 2025 |
| Qatar (USD mn) | 3,724.7 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2014 - Oct 2025 |
| Romania (USD mn) | -2,915.3 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 1990 - Sep 2025 |
| Russia (USD mn) | 15,396.1 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 1998 - Sep 2025 |
| Saudi Arabia (USD mn) | 72,543.2 2024 | yearly | 1957 - 2024 |
| Serbia (USD mn) | -806.5 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Oct 2025 |
| Singapore (USD mn) | 5,573.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1976 - Oct 2025 |
| Slovakia (USD mn) | 502.8 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2004 - Sep 2025 |
| Slovenia (USD mn) | -494.3 Oct 2025 | monthly | Nov 1991 - Oct 2025 |
| South Africa (USD mn) | 902.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Oct 2004 - Oct 2025 |
| Spain (USD mn) | -6,370.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Oct 1975 - Sep 2025 |
| Sri Lanka (USD mn) | -1,007.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1982 - Oct 2025 |
| Sudan (USD mn) | -260.4 Jun 2025 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Jun 2025 |
| Sweden (USD mn) | 159.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
| Switzerland (USD mn) | 2,634.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1957 - Oct 2025 |
Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust
Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.
Learn more about what we doNepal Key Series
| Government and Public Finance | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) | -10.0 2018 | yearly | 2012 - 2018 |
| Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) | -1,365.374 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2017 - Jun 2025 |
| Tax Revenue (USD mn) | 1,049,875.353 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Jun 2019 - Jun 2025 |
| Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) | 19.1 2018 | yearly | 2001 - 2018 |
| National Government Debt (USD mn) | 14,538.4 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
| Government Debt: % of GDP (%) | 39.9 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
| Forecast: Government Expenditure (NPR bn) | 2,604.728 2030 | yearly | 2000 - 2030 |
| Forecast: Government Net Debt (NPR bn) | 4,815.645 2030 | yearly | 2000 - 2030 |
| Forecast: Government Revenue (NPR bn) | 2,282.135 2030 | yearly | 2000 - 2030 |
| Government Debt: External (NPR mn) | 934,695.200 2021 | yearly | 1999 - 2021 |
| Government Debt: Total (NPR mn) | 1,735,015.267 2021 | yearly | 1999 - 2021 |
| Government Domestic Debt: Annual: Bonds & Treasury Bills (NPR mn) | 1,125,188.232 2023 | yearly | 1986 - 2023 |
| Foreign Trade | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forecast: Exports of Goods Growth (%) | 0.000 | yearly | - |
| Trade Balance (USD mn) | -1,007.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 1974 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Exports (USD mn) | 249.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Exports Growth (%) | 172.7 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 2004 - Sep 2025 |
| Aluminum: Exports (USD th) | 2,069.671 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Exports: Medicament (USD th) | 11,731.470 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 2,069.949 2024 | yearly | 1996 - 2024 |
| Total Imports (USD mn) | 1,256.9 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Imports Growth (%) | 31.8 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 2004 - Sep 2025 |
| Imports: Medicament (USD th) | 210,184.160 2024 | yearly | 1998 - 2024 |
| Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 297,733.053 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Total Exports to USA (USD mn) | 12.675 Aug 2025 | monthly | Sep 1983 - Aug 2025 |
| Total Imports from USA (USD mn) | 10.926 Aug 2025 | monthly | Jan 1981 - Aug 2025 |
| Total Exports to China (USD mn) | -0.243 Sep 2025 | monthly | Apr 2013 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Imports from China (USD mn) | 288.922 Sep 2025 | monthly | Apr 2013 - Sep 2025 |
| Imports: cif: Custom Basis: Other Countries (NPR mn) | 40,804.546 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Exports: fob: Custom Basis: India (NPR mn) | 24,296.349 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Exports: fob: Custom Basis (NPR mn) | 28,415.582 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Exports: fob: Custom Basis: Other Countries (NPR mn) | 4,027.373 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Imports: cif: Custom Basis: China (NPR mn) | 31,911.531 Feb 2025 | monthly | Apr 2013 - Feb 2025 |
| Exports: fob: Custom Basis: China (NPR mn) | 91.860 Feb 2025 | monthly | Apr 2013 - Feb 2025 |
| Imports: cif: Custom Basis: India (NPR mn) | 93,501.077 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Imports: cif: Custom Basis (NPR mn) | 166,217.154 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Trade Balance: Custom Basis (NPR mn) | -137,801.572 Feb 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Feb 2025 |
| Exports: Miscellaneous Manufactures Articles (NPR mn) | 1,703.300 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Exports: Chemicals (NPR mn) | 593.700 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Exports: Food & Live Animals (NPR mn) | 2,842.800 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Exports: Crude Materials Inedible: Except Fuel (NPR mn) | 424.600 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Exports: Manufactured Goods Classified by Materials (NPR mn) | 6,315.200 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Imports: Manufactured Goods Classified by Materials (NPR mn) | 25,919.000 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Imports: Food & Live Animals (NPR mn) | 13,594.600 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Imports: Chemicals (NPR mn) | 16,090.400 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Imports: Machinery & Transport Equipments (NPR mn) | 26,814.500 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Imports: Mineral Fuels, Lubricants & Related Minerals (NPR mn) | 23,658.300 Oct 2024 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Oct 2024 |
| Import Value Index (2015=100) | 238.930 2021 | yearly | 1980 - 2021 |
| Export Volume Index (2015=100) | 171.601 2021 | yearly | 2000 - 2021 |
| Export Value Index (2015=100) | 233.718 2021 | yearly | 1980 - 2021 |
| Import Volume Index (2015=100) | 187.157 2021 | yearly | 2000 - 2021 |
| Balance of Payments | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current Account Balance (USD mn) | 1,453.6 Jul 2025 | quarterly | Oct 2000 - Jul 2025 |
| Current Account Balance: % of GDP (%) | 6.7 2025 | yearly | 2001 - 2025 |
| Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) | 9.8 Jul 2025 | quarterly | Oct 2000 - Jul 2025 |
| Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) | 0.1 2025 | yearly | 2001 - 2025 |
| External Debt (USD mn) | 10,519.7 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2024 |
| External Debt: % of GDP (%) | 17.3 2016 | yearly | 2001 - 2016 |
| External Debt: Short Term (USD mn) | 417.5 2023 | yearly | 1977 - 2023 |
| Forecast: Current Account Balance (USD bn) | -2.501 2030 | yearly | 1980 - 2030 |
| Net International Investment Position (USD mn) | 3,934.074 Mar 2025 | quarterly | Dec 2012 - Mar 2025 |
| NP: BoP: Financial Account: Portfolio Investment (USD mn) | 0.000 Jun 2020 | quarterly | Mar 1977 - Jun 2020 |
| NP: BoP: Financial Account: Portfolio Investment: Assets (USD mn) | 0.000 Jun 2020 | quarterly | Mar 1977 - Jun 2020 |
| NP: BoP: Financial Account: Portfolio Investment: Liabilities (USD mn) | 0.000 Jun 2020 | quarterly | Mar 1977 - Jun 2020 |
| BoP: Capital Account (NPR mn) | 1,036.240 Jul 2024 | quarterly | Oct 2000 - Jul 2024 |
| BoP: Financial Account: Direct Investment in Nepal (NPR mn) | 1,919.110 Jul 2024 | quarterly | Oct 2000 - Jul 2024 |
| BoP: Financial Account (NPR mn) | 63,943.939 Jul 2024 | quarterly | Oct 2000 - Jul 2024 |
| Monetary | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) | 2.5 2015 | yearly | 2003 - 2015 |
| Non-Performing Loans (USD mn) | 267.883 2015 | yearly | 2003 - 2015 |
| Money Supply M1 (USD mn) | 7,507.880 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Sep 2025 |
| Money Supply M2 (USD mn) | 55,776.471 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Sep 2025 |
| M2 Growth (%) | 12.4 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) | 4.0 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jul 2003 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) | 18,296.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) | 4.000 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jul 2003 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) | 14.6 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 2003 - Sep 2025 |
| Gold Reserves (USD mn) | 935.658 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jul 1957 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Deposits (USD mn) | 42,846.686 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Deposits Growth (%) | 4.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Domestic Credit (USD mn) | 48,933.1 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Sep 2025 |
| Domestic Credit Growth (%) | 5.5 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Total Loans (USD mn) | 36,319.925 Jul 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Jul 2025 |
| Total Loans Growth (%) | 8.34 Jul 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Jul 2025 |
| Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) | 74.44 2024 | yearly | 2003 - 2024 |
| Monetary Survey: Broad Money M2 (NPR mn) | 7,278,708.287 Feb 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Feb 2025 |
| Monetary Survey: Narrow Money M1 (NPR mn) | 981,619.612 Feb 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Feb 2025 |
| Monetary Survey: Domestic Credits (DO) (NPR mn) | 6,653,922.374 Feb 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Feb 2025 |
| Foreign Reserve (USD mn) | 16,086.766 Feb 2025 | monthly | Jan 2002 - Feb 2025 |
| Commercial Banks: Loans & Advances (NPR mn) | 1,945,068.90 Jan 2018 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Jan 2018 |
| Commercial Banks: Deposits exclude Interbank (NPR mn) | 5,555,462.921 Feb 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Feb 2025 |
| CB: NPL (NPR mn) | 27,174.060 2015 | yearly | 2003 - 2015 |
More Indicators for Nepal
Request a demo of CEIC
CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.