Taiwan Labour Force Participation Rate
1978 - 2025 | Monthly | % | Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan
Key information about Taiwan (China) Labour Force Participation Rate
- Taiwan (China) Labour Force Participation Rate increased to 59.5 % in Oct 2025, compared with 59.5 % in the previous month.
- Taiwan (China) Labour Force Participation Rate is updated monthly, available from Jan 1978 to Oct 2025, with an average rate of 57.5 % .
- The data reached the an all-time high of 61.8 % in Aug 1987 and a record low of 56.3 % in Apr 1982.
- Taiwan (China) Labour Force Participation Rate is reported by reported by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan.
- In the latest reports, Taiwan (China) Population reached 23.4 million people in Dec 2024.
- Unemployment Rate of Taiwan (China) dropped to 3.3 % in Oct 2025.
- The country's Monthly Earnings stood at 1,869.8 USD in Oct 2025.
View Taiwan's Labour Force Participation Rate from Jan 1978 to Oct 2025 in the chart:
What was Taiwan's Labour Force Participation Rate in Oct 2025?
Taiwan (China) Labour Force Participation Rate increased to 59.5 % in Oct 2025, compared with 59.5 % in the previous month. See the table below for more data.
| Last | Previous | Min | Max | Unit | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 59.5 Oct 2025 | 59.5 Sep 2025 | 56.3 Apr 1982 | 61.8 Aug 1987 | % | monthly | Jan 1978 - Oct 2025 |
Labour Force Participation Rate by Country Comparison
| country/region | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania (%) | 64.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Sep 2025 |
| Algeria (%) | 41.7 2018 | yearly | 2003 - 2018 |
| Argentina (%) | 62.2 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Armenia (%) | 58.3 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Jun 2025 |
| Australia (%) | 66.8 Nov 2025 | monthly | Feb 1978 - Nov 2025 |
| Austria (%) | 77.1 Jun 2022 | quarterly | Mar 2021 - Jun 2022 |
| Azerbaijan (%) | 62.9 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Bahrain (%) | 70.7 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Bangladesh (%) | 61.9 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Belarus (%) | 86.7 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Belgium (%) | 72.1 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Sep 2025 |
| Bolivia (%) | 79.4 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Dec 2015 - Sep 2025 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (%) | 49.1 2024 | yearly | 2006 - 2024 |
| Botswana (%) | 68.6 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Brazil (%) | 62.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Mar 2012 - Oct 2025 |
| Brunei (%) | 63.7 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Bulgaria (%) | 55.5 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Jun 2000 - Sep 2025 |
| Cambodia (%) | 84.2 2023 | yearly | 2020 - 2023 |
| Canada (%) | 64.8 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 1976 - Nov 2025 |
| Chile (%) | 61.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Mar 2009 - Oct 2025 |
| China (%) | 65.4 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Colombia (%) | 65.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2001 - Oct 2025 |
| Croatia (%) | 54.2 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Sep 2025 |
| Cyprus (%) | 65.6 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Jun 1999 - Sep 2025 |
| Czech Republic (%) | 60.9 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1993 - Jun 2025 |
| Denmark (%) | 74.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2007 - Oct 2025 |
| Ecuador (%) | 65.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Dec 2013 - Sep 2025 |
| Egypt (%) | 44.2 2024 | yearly | 2009 - 2024 |
| Estonia (%) | 67.2 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Sep 2025 |
| European Union (%) | 75.6 2022 | yearly | 1990 - 2022 |
| Finland (%) | 69.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | May 2004 - Oct 2025 |
| France (%) | 75.2 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2003 - Sep 2025 |
| Georgia (%) | 54.8 2024 | yearly | 1998 - 2024 |
| Germany (%) | 57.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2007 - Sep 2025 |
| Ghana (%) | 63.0 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Greece (%) | 62.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2004 - Oct 2025 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China (%) | 57.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Dec 1981 - Oct 2025 |
| Hungary (%) | 68.5 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2009 - Sep 2025 |
| Iceland (%) | 79.8 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Dec 2024 |
| India (%) | 45.1 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Indonesia (%) | 70.6 Aug 2025 | semiannually | Feb 2005 - Aug 2025 |
| Iran (%) | 41.0 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Jun 2018 - Dec 2022 |
| Ireland (%) | 66.5 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1998 - Sep 2025 |
| Israel (%) | 62.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2012 - Oct 2025 |
| Italy (%) | 66.5 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2004 - Oct 2025 |
| Ivory Coast (%) | 66.7 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Japan (%) | 64.2 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1968 - Oct 2025 |
| Jordan (%) | 38.5 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Kazakhstan (%) | 67.9 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Jun 2001 - Sep 2025 |
| Kenya (%) | 66.7 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| South Korea (%) | 64.8 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jun 1999 - Oct 2025 |
| Kosovo (%) | 43.6 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2016 - Dec 2024 |
| Kuwait (%) | 73.8 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Kyrgyzstan (%) | 59.3 2024 | yearly | 1994 - 2024 |
| Laos (%) | 66.1 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Latvia (%) | 70.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Lebanon (%) | 45.8 2023 | yearly | 1990 - 2023 |
| Lithuania (%) | 63.8 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Jun 1998 - Sep 2025 |
| Luxembourg (%) | 54.7 2024 | yearly | 2000 - 2024 |
| Macau SAR, China (%) | 67.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Sep 1996 - Oct 2025 |
| North Macedonia (%) | 52.2 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Sep 2021 - Jun 2025 |
| Malawi (%) | 67.0 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Malaysia (%) | 70.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2010 - Oct 2025 |
| Malta (%) | 84.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2018 - Sep 2025 |
| Mauritius (%) | 58.8 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2004 - Jun 2025 |
| Mexico (%) | 59.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2005 - Oct 2025 |
| Moldova (%) | 44.9 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2015 - Sep 2025 |
| Mongolia (%) | 62.7 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Sep 2006 - Sep 2025 |
| Montenegro (%) | 61.0 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Jun 2025 |
| Morocco (%) | 43.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Sep 2025 |
| Mozambique (%) | 78.9 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Myanmar (%) | 60.7 2023 | yearly | 1991 - 2023 |
| Nepal (%) | 39.7 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Netherlands (%) | 73.5 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2003 - Oct 2025 |
| New Zealand (%) | 70.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1986 - Sep 2025 |
| Nigeria (%) | 82.6 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Norway (%) | 65.0 2024 | yearly | 1989 - 2024 |
| Oman (%) | 67.8 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
| Pakistan (%) | 32.3 2021 | yearly | 1990 - 2021 |
| Palestinian Territory (%) | 45.4 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Jun 2002 - Jun 2025 |
| Panama (%) | 63.3 2024 | yearly | 2003 - 2024 |
| Paraguay (%) | 70.9 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2017 - Jun 2025 |
| Peru (%) | 72.4 2022 | yearly | 2001 - 2022 |
| Philippines (%) | 63.6 Oct 2025 | quarterly | Jul 2003 - Oct 2025 |
| Poland (%) | 59.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2010 - Sep 2025 |
| Portugal (%) | 61.4 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2011 - Sep 2025 |
| Qatar (%) | 87.7 2023 | yearly | 2006 - 2023 |
| Romania (%) | 51.6 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1996 - Jun 2025 |
| Russia (%) | 69.3 Sep 2025 | monthly | Aug 2009 - Sep 2025 |
| Saudi Arabia (%) | 67.1 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Jun 2016 - Jun 2025 |
| Serbia (%) | 55.9 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2014 - Sep 2025 |
| Slovakia (%) | 61.3 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2021 - Jun 2025 |
| Slovenia (%) | 59.1 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Sep 2025 |
| South Africa (%) | 59.7 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2008 - Sep 2025 |
| Spain (%) | 59.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2002 - Sep 2025 |
| Sri Lanka (%) | 49.3 Jun 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2004 - Jun 2025 |
| Sudan (%) | 47.6 2023 | yearly | 1990 - 2023 |
| Sweden (%) | 75.2 Nov 2025 | monthly | Apr 2005 - Nov 2025 |
| Switzerland (%) | 67.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 2010 - Sep 2025 |
| Syria (%) | 37.9 2024 | yearly | 1990 - 2024 |
Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust
Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.
Learn more about what we doTaiwan Key Series
| Foreign Trade | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forecast: Exports of Goods Growth (%) | 4.487 2030 | yearly | 1980 - 2030 |
| Trade Balance (USD mn) | 15,898.2 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Nov 2025 |
| Total Exports (USD mn) | 60,134.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Oct 2025 |
| Total Exports Growth (%) | 56.1 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 2009 - Nov 2025 |
| Aluminum: Exports (USD th) | 886,633.170 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Exports: Medicament (USD th) | 805,900.030 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 329,206.081 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Total Imports (USD mn) | 36,980.4 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Oct 2025 |
| Total Imports Growth (%) | 45.1 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 2009 - Nov 2025 |
| Imports: Medicament (USD th) | 4,469,639.399 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) | 2,965,217.574 2024 | yearly | 1995 - 2024 |
| Total Exports to USA (USD mn) | 21,134.697 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Oct 2025 |
| Total Imports from USA (USD mn) | 4,511.458 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 1986 - Nov 2025 |
| Total Exports to China (USD mn) | 9,805.582 Nov 2025 | monthly | Aug 1992 - Nov 2025 |
| Total Imports from China (USD mn) | 7,563.260 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jul 1991 - Oct 2025 |
| Export: Include Re Export: Singapore (NTD mn) | 118,082.938 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Oct 2025 |
| Import: Include Re Import: Saudi Arabia (NTD mn) | 21,408.000 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 1988 - Nov 2025 |
| Trade Balance: Custom Clearance: USD: Seasonally Adjusted (USD mn) | 15,898.176 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 2008 - Nov 2025 |
| Trade Balance: Custom Clearance: Include Re Export & Re Import (NTD mn) | 214,694.065 Feb 2025 | monthly | Jan 1981 - Feb 2025 |
| Net Terms of Trade: Reference Year=2016: Chain Linked (2016=100) | 92.93 Jun 2018 | monthly | Jan 2011 - Jun 2018 |
| Balance of Payments | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Investment Abroad (USD mn) | 9,920.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| Current Account Balance (USD mn) | 45,839.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1974 - Sep 2025 |
| Current Account Balance: % of GDP (%) | 19.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1974 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) | 823.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) | 0.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment (USD mn) | 5,365.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%) | 2.3 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn) | 5,740.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD mn) | -375.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1981 - Sep 2025 |
| External Debt (USD mn) | 236,510.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Jun 1999 - Sep 2025 |
| External Debt: % of GDP (%) | 27.4 2024 | yearly | 1999 - 2024 |
| External Debt: Short Term (USD mn) | 216,419.0 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Jun 1999 - Sep 2025 |
| External Debt: Short Term: % of GDP (%) | 25.0 2024 | yearly | 1999 - 2024 |
| Total Debt: % of GDP (%) | 889.0 2023 | yearly | 2000 - 2023 |
| Forecast: Current Account Balance (USD bn) | 203.121 2030 | yearly | 1984 - 2030 |
| Net International Investment Position (USD mn) | 1,556,225.000 2024 | yearly | 2000 - 2024 |
| BoP: CU: GS: Goods: Credit (USD mn) | 154,298.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: CU: Primary Income (PI) (USD mn) | 2,637.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: PI: Net Incurrence of Liabilities (NI) (USD mn) | 5,365.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: Portfolio Investment (PI) (USD mn) | 10,637.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: CU: GS: SV: Debit (USD mn) | 20,565.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| Bop: CU: Secondary Income: Debit (USD mn) | 4,740.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| Bop: CU: Secondary Income: Credit (USD mn) | 2,197.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: Reserve Assets (USD mn) | 5,116.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: OI: Net Incurrence of Liabilities (NI) (USD mn) | -5,142.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: Current Account (CU) (USD mn) | 45,839.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: CU: GS: Goods: Debit (USD mn) | 104,470.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: CU: GS: Services (SV) (USD mn) | -4,083.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: CU: PI: Credit (USD mn) | 17,273.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| Bop: CU: Secondary Income (USD mn) | -2,543.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: OI: Net Acquisition of Financial Assets (NA) (USD mn) | 12,763.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: Direct Investment (DI) (USD mn) | 9,097.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: DI: Net Acquisition of Financial Assets (NA) (USD mn) | 9,920.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| BoP: FA: Other Investment (OI) (USD mn) | 17,905.000 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Sep 2025 |
| Cross-Strait Finance: All Banks: Inward Remittance (USD mn) | 28,596.000 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2005 - Sep 2025 |
| Cross-Strait Finance: All Banks: Outward Remittance (USD mn) | 38,725.000 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2005 - Sep 2025 |
| International Investment Position (IIP): Assets (USD mn) | 3,034,873.000 2024 | yearly | 2000 - 2024 |
| IIP: Liabilities (Liab) (USD mn) | 1,478,648.000 2024 | yearly | 2000 - 2024 |
| IIP: Net (USD mn) | 1,556,225.000 2024 | yearly | 2000 - 2024 |
| BoP: Net Errors and Omissions (USD mn) | 441.000 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CU: GS: Goods (USD mn) | 26,321.000 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CU: GS: SV: Credit (USD mn) | 15,963.000 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CU: PI: Debit (USD mn) | 6,800.000 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: FA: DI: Net Incurrence of Liabilities (NI) (USD mn) | 2,855.000 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: FA: PI: Net Acquisition of Financial Assets (NA) (USD mn) | 18,475.000 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1984 - Dec 2024 |
| Monetary | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) | 0.1 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2004 - Sep 2025 |
| Household Debt: % of GDP (%) | 95.5 2023 | yearly | 2000 - 2023 |
| Non-Performing Loans (USD mn) | 2,242.285 Sep 2025 | monthly | Jan 2004 - Sep 2025 |
| Money Supply M1 (USD mn) | 386,859.805 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Oct 2025 |
| Money Supply M2 (USD mn) | 2,175,222.699 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Oct 2025 |
| M2 Growth (%) | 4.9 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1993 - Oct 2025 |
| Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) | 5.0 Nov 2025 | monthly | Dec 1988 - Nov 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) | 599,791.0 Nov 2025 | monthly | Mar 1969 - Nov 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) | 5.000 Nov 2025 | monthly | Dec 1988 - Nov 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) | 12.5 Nov 2025 | monthly | Jan 1981 - Nov 2025 |
| Gold Reserves (USD mn) | 5,047.700 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jun 1998 - Oct 2025 |
| Total Deposits (USD mn) | 1,757,744.878 Oct 2025 | monthly | May 1987 - Oct 2025 |
| Total Deposits Growth (%) | 5.8 Oct 2025 | monthly | May 1988 - Oct 2025 |
| Domestic Credit (USD mn) | 1,719,408.1 Oct 2025 | monthly | Oct 1983 - Oct 2025 |
| Domestic Credit Growth (%) | 6.0 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jul 1962 - Oct 2025 |
| Household Debt (USD mn) | 723,609.9 2023 | yearly | 2000 - 2023 |
| Total Loans (USD mn) | 1,329,543.610 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Oct 2025 |
| Total Loans Growth (%) | 6.02 Oct 2025 | monthly | Jan 1998 - Oct 2025 |
| Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) | 140.02 Sep 2025 | quarterly | Mar 1997 - Sep 2025 |
| Deposits: All Banks: EI: Private Enterprises (NTD mn) | 9,560,447.00 May 2018 | monthly | Jan 1997 - May 2018 |
| Deposits: All Banks: Total (NTD mn) | 33,707,077.00 May 2018 | monthly | Jan 1997 - May 2018 |
| Deposits: All Banks: EI: Individuals and Others (NTD mn) | 23,230,475.00 May 2018 | monthly | Jan 1997 - May 2018 |
| L&D: All Banks: PG: Private Enterprises (NTD mn) | 10,921,290.00 May 2018 | monthly | Jan 1997 - May 2018 |
| Loans & Discounts (L&D): All Banks: Total (NTD mn) | 24,989,912.00 May 2018 | monthly | Jan 1997 - May 2018 |
| Consumer Loans: Outstanding: DB: House Purchasing (NTD mn) | 6,784,321.00 Jun 2018 | monthly | Jul 1988 - Jun 2018 |
| Consumer Loans: Outstanding: Domestic Bk, Foreign Bk, Med Bus Bk(DB) (NTD mn) | 8,093,874.00 Jun 2018 | monthly | Jul 1988 - Jun 2018 |
| Past Due Loan: Total (NTD mn) | 76,400.00 May 2018 | monthly | Jan 2004 - May 2018 |
| Business and Economic Survey | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Business Confidence Growth (% Point) | -3.2 Mar 2018 | monthly | May 2013 - Mar 2018 |
| Purchasing Manager Index (PMI): Manufacturing: sa (%) | 58.30 Jun 2018 | monthly | Jul 2012 - Jun 2018 |
More Indicators for Taiwan
Request a demo of CEIC
CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.